Structural unemployment

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Skills mismatch Industry decline Geographic mismatch

Skills mismatch as a macro cause: what the education system produces has little to do with what employers list When an industry migrates the whole supply chain leaves and the workers left behind are not unskilled but stranded Structural unemployment is the hardest to treat because vacancies and workers sit in the same economy and never meet How well do retraining programmes work for a 45-year-old learning a new trade The line between structural and frictional unemployment: whether the missing skill can be learned in a few weeks New drawings and a new parts supplier leave a fitter with ten years on the floor suddenly unqualified Regional mismatch: the jobs are in Shenzhen and the workers are in the northeast and moving costs more than the wage gap As manufacturing upgrades the low-skill roles disappear and the workers pushed out have nowhere obvious to go When cyclical and structural unemployment overlap do you fix demand first or retrain first Telling structural and cyclical unemployment apart: one is about skills and the other is about orders Structural unemployment takes a generation to work through because whole careers have to be rebuilt Four thousand coal miners cannot code and that gap is textbook structural unemployment Credential inflation is also a mismatch: graduates doing work that never needed a degree Self-checkout and digital banking permanently deleted cashier and teller roles If driverless trucks actually scale what happens to several million drivers

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