Four thousand coal miners cannot code and that gap is textbook structural unemployment

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When an industry migrates the whole supply chain leaves and the workers left behind are not unskilled but stranded Regional mismatch: the jobs are in Shenzhen and the workers are in the northeast and moving costs more than the wage gap A whole industry shrinking and a single employer failing produce different kinds of joblessness even at the same headcount Skills mismatch as a macro cause: what the education system produces has little to do with what employers list Fiscal transfers keep declining regions afloat without creating a single job there New drawings and a new parts supplier leave a fitter with ten years on the floor suddenly unqualified How well do retraining programmes work for a 45-year-old learning a new trade Does moving to another city to find work turn a frictional spell into something longer Structural unemployment takes a generation to work through because whole careers have to be rebuilt The last textile mill in the county moves away and the young people start commuting to another province