Regional mismatch: the jobs are in Shenzhen and the workers are in the northeast and moving costs more than the wage gap

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When an industry migrates the whole supply chain leaves and the workers left behind are not unskilled but stranded Four thousand coal miners cannot code and that gap is textbook structural unemployment Skills mismatch as a macro cause: what the education system produces has little to do with what employers list A whole industry shrinking and a single employer failing produce different kinds of joblessness even at the same headcount Structural unemployment is the hardest to treat because vacancies and workers sit in the same economy and never meet New drawings and a new parts supplier leave a fitter with ten years on the floor suddenly unqualified The line between structural and frictional unemployment: whether the missing skill can be learned in a few weeks Does moving to another city to find work turn a frictional spell into something longer When cyclical and structural unemployment overlap do you fix demand first or retrain first How well do retraining programmes work for a 45-year-old learning a new trade