Why the German dual apprenticeship system keeps structural unemployment low

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Why subsidies do not fix structural unemployment when vacancies and unemployed workers coexist in the same country Skills mismatch as a macro cause: what the education system produces has little to do with what employers list When an industry migrates the whole supply chain leaves and the workers left behind are not unskilled but stranded Structural unemployment is the hardest to treat because vacancies and workers sit in the same economy and never meet New drawings and a new parts supplier leave a fitter with ten years on the floor suddenly unqualified When cyclical and structural unemployment overlap do you fix demand first or retrain first The line between structural and frictional unemployment: whether the missing skill can be learned in a few weeks Regional mismatch: the jobs are in Shenzhen and the workers are in the northeast and moving costs more than the wage gap How well do retraining programmes work for a 45-year-old learning a new trade Designing a benefit scheme for gig workers with no single employer