China's north-east rust belt carries jobless rates far above the national average

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One-company towns after the plant closes sit at 20 percent joblessness for a decade Fiscal transfers keep declining regions afloat without creating a single job there Resource regions hit a bust that no national recovery ever reaches Former East Germany still runs a jobless rate well above the western states A whole industry shrinking and a single employer failing produce different kinds of joblessness even at the same headcount When an industry migrates the whole supply chain leaves and the workers left behind are not unskilled but stranded Four thousand coal miners cannot code and that gap is textbook structural unemployment Does moving to another city to find work turn a frictional spell into something longer The last textile mill in the county moves away and the young people start commuting to another province Regional mismatch: the jobs are in Shenzhen and the workers are in the northeast and moving costs more than the wage gap