Retirement age increases hit manual workers hardest because healthy life expectancy has not risen at the same pace

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Raising the contribution rate and raising the retirement age solve the same cost from opposite sides Raising a mandatory retirement age shifts cost from employers onto the pension system and onto younger hires Airline pilots must retire at 65 and a 2024 push to raise the limit to 67 did not pass Some occupations win earlier retirement ages through hazardous-work lists rather than through general rules Germany's point system converts lifetime earnings into pension points rather than a final salary formula Means-tested top-ups cut old-age poverty but erode the return on a lifetime of contributions Contribution credits for years spent caring for children exist in most systems but are claimed late or never The old-age dependency ratio decides whether a given contribution rate can hold for another generation Sweden credits a notional return on contributions and then divides by cohort life expectancy at retirement The three-pillar model splits a public scheme occupational plans and private savings into separate jobs