Germany's point system converts lifetime earnings into pension points rather than a final salary formula

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The three-pillar model splits a public scheme occupational plans and private savings into separate jobs Contribution credits for years spent caring for children exist in most systems but are claimed late or never A minimum pension guarantee tops up a small entitlement and then phases out against other income Means-tested top-ups cut old-age poverty but erode the return on a lifetime of contributions Sweden credits a notional return on contributions and then divides by cohort life expectancy at retirement The PBGC guarantees the monthly benefit up to a statutory cap if a single-employer plan runs out of money Raising the contribution rate and raising the retirement age solve the same cost from opposite sides Withdrawing from a multiemployer plan can trigger a liability payment that a small contractor cannot survive Longevity and return assumptions decide the contribution an employer must make each year Pay-as-you-go financing means this year's contributions pay this year's retirees with no fund set aside