How a shortfall in aggregate demand turns into layoffs: orders drop in spring and headcount falls by autumn

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Why rate hikes hit construction and durable goods employment before they touch anything else Labour market rigidity cuts both ways: firing costs so high that firms stop hiring Skills mismatch as a macro cause: what the education system produces has little to do with what employers list How much does a minimum wage increase actually cut hiring for low-skill entry-level jobs How currency swings and export order books translate into factory hiring and firing Austerity suppresses investment and the unemployment rate keeps climbing well after recovery starts Offshoring labour-intensive stages of production moves the jobs out along with the work Payroll taxes and social insurance contributions raise the marginal cost of adding one more employee When an industry migrates the whole supply chain leaves and the workers left behind are not unskilled but stranded Keynesian cyclical unemployment in one line: demand collapses and firms cut hours before they cut people