How much VRAM do I actually need to fine-tune a 7B model locally?

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NPU TOPS numbers are marketing — which benchmark predicts laptop inference speed? Can a consumer RTX card run a 70B model at usable speed? What a generative model forgets when it is compressed for consumer hardware Tokens per joule is the efficiency metric vendors avoid publishing Spiking and analog accelerators: research curiosity or near product? H100 vs A100 vs B200: what actually changed for training throughput Trainium vs Inferentia vs GPU: switching costs for a startup Jetson vs Raspberry Pi vs Coral for a small vision project Refurbished A100 servers from resellers — worth the warranty risk? Can edge devices train a shared model with no central server?