Unlearning costs more than learning — replacing a fluent wrong method is harder than building a new one from scratch

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Spaced repetition software like Anki works because it schedules review right at the edge of forgetting Ten thousand hours is a headline rather than a mechanism — Ericsson's actual finding was structured deliberate practice with feedback Skill decay is real and asymmetric — the complex skill goes first just as a second language fading before the grammar rules do Teaching a subject is the best way to learn it twice — the protégé effect in real classrooms The spacing effect is one of the most replicated findings in psychology and almost no curriculum is designed around it Transfer of learning is the graveyard of good teaching — skills learned in one context rarely move to another without help Social learning theory says we learn most from watching others fail rather than from being told not to fail Sleep is when memories get consolidated — all-nighters delete the very thing they try to cram Working memory holds about four items — every theory of learning and instruction has to live within that budget Desirable difficulties: making learning harder in the short term makes it stick in the long term