The five-year clock on Roth earnings runs separately from the five-year clock on conversions

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A Roth conversion is taxed at today's marginal rate in exchange for tax-free withdrawals later Beneficiary forms override your will so an outdated designation can send an IRA to an ex-spouse Spending guardrails adjust withdrawals to market returns instead of a fixed percentage Pension income is taxed when it is paid so deferral only helps if your rate is lower by then A traditional IRA deduction phases out once you have a workplace plan and cross the income threshold Backdoor Roth contributions are legal but the pro-rata rule taxes the conversion if you still hold a traditional IRA Required minimum distributions now begin at 73 and a Roth 401(k) no longer forces them at all The glide path from stocks to bonds should follow spending needs instead of age alone A hardship withdrawal still owes income tax and usually the penalty unless the reason sits on the short IRS list Sequence of returns risk hits early retirees hardest because withdrawals during a crash lock in the loss