The annual additions limit counts employer match and after-tax money so the headline deferral cap is not the real ceiling

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Why the elective deferral limit applies only to your own contributions and never to the employer match Changing jobs mid-year can leave you running two 401(k) accounts and paying two sets of recordkeeping fees Plan fees are two separate numbers: recordkeeping charges taken from the account and the expense ratios inside each fund Required minimum distributions now begin at 73 and a Roth 401(k) no longer forces them at all The IRA limit is per person so a spouse with no earned income needs a spousal IRA to contribute at all A safe harbor design buys exemption from the testing rules by promising a minimum employer contribution every year A solo 401(k) stacks employee deferrals and employer profit sharing on the same self-employment income A plan menu stays short because the sponsor owes a fiduciary duty of prudence and not because choice is worthless A SIMPLE IRA has a lower contribution ceiling and requires either a match or a nonelective employer contribution A 401(k) loan is repaid with after-tax dollars into an account that will be taxed again on withdrawal