Did settler colonies create new civilizations or copies of European ones?

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Why did the civilizing mission argument survive so long? Does decolonization mean giving up the word civilization? Appropriate technology as a development idea: what went wrong? Why did the Popol Vuh survive only in a colonial alphabetic transcription? Why did the Aztec state collapse so fast after 1519? Why did some colonies adopt the colonizer's language and others keep their own? Why did mission towns in the Americas empty out after the missions closed? What happened to Inca nobles after the Spanish conquest? Why did Cortes find so many Indigenous allies against Tenochtitlan? What made creole identity different from both colonizer and colonized?