How do you tell a real expert from someone who just sounds confident?

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Debating someone who has genuinely thought about it vs arguing with a headline reader When does healthy skepticism curdle into refusing to believe anything at all? Spotting fake news is less about fact-checking tools and more about noticing your own emotional reaction to a headline Citation needed: the difference between a claim and a fact is a verifiable trail and most viral posts do not even try Trust the experts and question everything are both incomplete instructions — the real skill is knowing which claims to defer on Lateral reading: professional fact-checkers leave the page immediately to check what others say about the source — students stay and read Why smart people fall for obviously bad arguments in their own field How much evidence should it take before you change a belief you have held for years? Reading one book deeply vs skimming fifty summaries: which builds a real mind? What actually counts as thinking for yourself when every source you have was chosen by someone else?