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Derivatives Options Securities Futures Swaps

Why can one stock crash 30 percent in seconds while the index barely moves? What happens inside the matching engine during the first second after the open? Why would anyone buy an option instead of simply buying the stock? Why do exchanges pay rebates to some traders and charge others a fee? Can you own commodities without ever touching a futures contract? Credit default swaps were sold as insurance — why are they legally not? Swaps are the biggest market nobody discusses — what are they actually for? Why is the oil price on the news different from the price a refinery pays? ETFs trade like stocks but hold a basket — which category do they really belong to? Why does the bid-ask spread widen the moment volatility spikes? What happens to your shares when a company is added to the S&P 500? Futures and forwards do the same job — where do they genuinely diverge? Does high-frequency trading add liquidity or just front-run the order book? Market makers get run over by informed traders — how do they still earn the spread? How does price discovery actually work when a stock trades on a dozen different venues at once?

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