Chip Architecture

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Instruction set architecture (ISA) x86 Pipelining Cache memory Parallel architectures Harvard architecture ARM architecture RISC-V Von Neumann architecture

How much does branch prediction accuracy actually buy in real IPC? What caps clock frequency harder: pipeline depth or wire delay? Why do bigger last-level caches stop helping past a certain point? Why is register renaming considered the most expensive part of a modern core? Why do speculative execution mitigations keep costing performance? Mesh vs ring vs crossbar: which interconnect wins on a many-core die? Does a smaller instruction set really cut decode power? How do heterogeneous cores decide when to migrate a running thread? Which RISC-V extensions are actually ratified and shipping in production silicon? Why does out-of-order execution need a reorder buffer at all? What does widening a core from 4-wide to 8-wide decode cost in area and power? What decides which functional blocks get their own chiplet die?

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