Social science

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Gödel showed that any consistent formal system contains true statements it cannot prove — certainty has a ceiling and we found it from inside A proof settles a question in a way no experiment ever has to — mathematics is the only field where certainty comes standard What is the difference between social science and humanities? The Tacoma Narrows collapse taught engineers more about resonance than any wind tunnel study before it The Riemann hypothesis: the most famous unsolved problem in math — worth a million dollars and far more in borrowed credibility Statistics is math that makes peace with uncertainty — the branch where being approximately right beats being precisely wrong Engineering is science with a deadline — a bridge must stand whether or not the theory behind it is elegant Safety factors and rules of thumb encode a century of failure — the know-how inside engineering codes was bought with collapsed bridges Goodhart's law: when a measure becomes a target it ceases to be a good measure — the deepest fact social science learned about institutions You cannot randomize a revolution — causal claims in social science are built on natural experiments and creative proxy designs instead Quantitative vs qualitative methods is a fake war — numbers tell you how much while interviews tell you why — most real questions need both The replication crisis started in psychology and spread across the social sciences — half the famous findings did not survive being rerun Economics has math envy and sociology has physics envy — both borrow methods from fields whose objects misbehave less Language shapes cognition more than grammar books admit and less than Sapir-Whorf fans hope Eyewitness memory is the most confident and least reliable evidence in court — confidence tracks certainty of belief and not accuracy of recall

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